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The TEDxPalermo Talk by Massimo Pitis was held in the morning session of April30th. The location due to bad weather was changed at the very last minute and studio427 was welcoming our day. His talk is a fascinating mix of one of his last graphic design committment and some oriental tales about how important is a different point of view while conceiving a new project and what Wisdom means in our time. After having worked in Bologna (BBDO) and New York (Armando Milani), in 1991 Massimo Pitis came back to Milan where he joined Mirko Pajé at the Mediaset creative direction. In 1995 he founded Vitamina with Aldo and Giorgio Buscalferri (MTV, Heineken, Sugar, blue), and afterwards became the Creative Director at Landor Associates Italia (Banca IMI, Snaidero, Breil, Zegna). Since 2000 he was also engaged in set up exhibitions for the studio Migliore + Servetto Architetti (Wallpaper, Elle, New York Times Magazine) and with Mirko Zardini (Triennale di Milano, Biennale of Architecture in Venice). He was also Curator of 25 issues of Lettera, magazine Abitare’s insert about Graphic design. In 2007 pitis was born as design and consulting studio dedicated to editorial projects and brand identity specialized in design, architecture and cultural communication (CCA Montreal, Corraini, Skira, Five Continents, Esperia, Fabio Novembre, Comune di Milano / Museo del Novecento, Einaudi, Mondadori, Rizzoli, Gruppo Il Sole 24 Ore, Wired – Condé Nast). He teaches at the Faculty of Design IUAV San …
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Audio to video synchronization – ENT Medicals Disposables Manufacturer – China Disposable Anal Spec
Article by jekky
Incorrectly synchronized There are different ways in which the AV sync can get incorrectly synchronized During creation AV sync errors happen because of Internal AV sync error Different processing delays between image and sound in video camera and microphone The AV sync delay is normally fixed External AV sync error If a microphone is placed far away from the sound source the audio will be out of sync because the speed of sound is much lower than the speed of light If the sound source is 340 meters from the microphone then the sound arrives approximately 1 second later than the light The AV sync delay increases with distance During mixing of video clips normally either the audio or video needs to be delayed so they are synchronized The AV sync delay is static but can vary with the individual clip Video editing effects Examples of transmission broadcasting reception and playback that can get the AV sync incorrectly synchronized A video camera with built in microphones or line in may not delay sound and video paths by the same number of milliseconds A video camera should have some sort of explicit AV sync timing put into the video and audio streams Solid state video cameras e g CCD and CMOS image sensors can delay the video signal by one or more frames An AV stream may get corrupted during transmission because of electrical glitches wired or wireless interruptions this may cause it to become out of sync The AV sync delay normally increases with time There is extensive use of audio and video signal processing circuitry with significant delays in television systems Particular video signal processing circuitry which is widely used and contributes significant video delays include frame synchronizers digital video effects processors video noise reduction format converters and MPEG pre preprocessing The video monitor processing circuit may delay the video stream Pixelated displays require video format conversion and deinterlace processing which can add one or more frames of video delay A video monitor with built in speakers or line out may not delay sound and video paths by the same amount of milliseconds Some video monitors contain internal user adjustable audio delays to aid in correction of errors MPEG Presentation Time Stamp PTS Decode Time Stamp DTS Presentation time stamps PTS can be embedded in MPEG transport stream to avoid AV sync drift Unfortunately these time stamps are often added after the video undergoes frame synchronization format conversion and pre processing thus those delays remain uncompensated Viewer experience of incorrectly synchronized AV sync The result typically leaves a filmed or televised character moving his or her mouth when there is no spoken dialog to accompany it hence the term lip flap or lip sync error The resulting audio video sync error can be annoying to the viewer and can even lead to the viewer s not enjoying the program to the program s not being effective and to the speakers being perceived negatively The lack of effectiveness problems are of particular concern when product commercials and political candidates are viewed Television industry standards organizations such as the Advanced Television Systems Committee have become involved in setting standards for audio video sync errors Because of these annoyances AV sync error is of concern to the television programming industry including television stations networks advertisers and program production companies Unfortunately the advent of high definition flat panel display technologies LCD DLP and plasma which can delay video more than audio have moved the problem into the viewer s home and beyond control of the television programming industry alone Consumer products companies now offer audio delay adjustments to compensate for video delay changes in TV s a v receivers and several companies manufacture dedicated digital audio delays made exclusively for lip sync error correction Effect of no explicit AV sync timing When a digital or analog audio video stream does not have some sort of explicit AV sync timing these effects will cause the stream to become out of sync In film movies these timing errors are most commonly caused by worn films skipping over the movie projector sprockets because the film has torn sprocket holes Errors can also be caused by the projectionist misthreading the film in the projector although this is rare with competent projectionists Audio to Video Synchronization is commonly corrected and maintained with an audio synchronizer Television industry standards organizations have established acceptable amounts of audio and video timing errors and suggested practices related to maintaining acceptable timing A V sync errors are becoming a significant problem in the digital television industry because of the use of large amounts of video signal processing in television production television broadcasting and pixelated television displays such as LCD DLP and plasma displays In the television field audio video sync problems are commonly caused when significant amounts of video processing is performed on the video part of the television program Typical sources of significant video delays in the television field include video synchronizers and video compression encoders and decoders Particularly troublesome encoders and decoders are used in MPEG compression systems utilized for broadcasting digital television and storing television programs on consumer and professional recording and playback devices A source of significant video delay is found in pixelated television displays LCD Plasma display DLP which utilize complex video signal processing to convert the resolution of the incoming video signal to the native resolution of the pixelated display for example converting standard definition video to be displayed on a high definition display Lip flap may exceed 200 ms at times In broadcast television it is not unusual for lip sync error to vary by over 100 ms several video frames from time to time The EBU Tech 3307 specifies among other specs that audio video sync should be within 5ms and 15ms early and late respectively to decoded video Sources references MPEG 2 Systems FAQ 19 Where are the PTSs and DTSs inserted MPlayer G2 dev mpeg container s timing PTS values birds eye net DTS Decode Time Stamp svcd2dvd com Perfect AV Sync Preparation is key Byron Reeves October 1993 Effects of Audio Video Asynchrony on Viewer s Memory Evaluation of Content and Detection Ability PDF http www pixelinstruments tv pdf Articles Effects 20of 20Audio Video 20Asynchrony PDF Retrieved 2008 10 19 160 a b Relative Timing of Sound and Vision for Broadcast Operations PDF ATSC Implementation Subcommittee ATSC 26 June 2003 http www atsc org standards is_191 pdf Retrieved 2008 10 19 160 Cugnini Aldo Sep 1 2007 Managing lip sync Broadcast Engineering http broadcastengineering com audio broadcasting_managing_lip_sync index html Retrieved 2008 10 19 160 See also Dubbing filmmaking Audio synchronizer MuEv Lip sync Input lag External links Further detailed information on lip sync error and audio synchronizer may be found by searching for these terms at the United States Patent and Trademark Office web site at Categories Audio to video synchronization
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