For the past 50 years, the Standard Model of particle physics has given us a complete mathematical description of the particles and forces that shape our world.  It predicts with so much accuracy the microscopic properties of particles and the macroscopic ones of stars and galaxies that many physicists feel that it is the ultimate theory of matter and energy.

However as the table on the left shows most of its predictions regarding the particle nature of forces have been confirmed by observations with two notable exceptions: the Higgs boson and the graviton.

The reason given by its proponents for the fact that the first of these or the Higgs boson which mediates or defines a particles mass has not yet been observe is that we have been unable to attain the high energy environment that supports it.  This is true even though the LCH (Large Hadron Collider) has been able to attain energies close to those that existed just microseconds before the big bang.

However the idea it only exist at these very high energies does not fit in with the fact that particles have mass even thought they do not exist in those environments.   In other words how can the Higgs boson mediate or be the causality of mass in the relativity low energy particle environments humans occupy if it only exists in the high energy environments associated with the big bang.

It just does not make any sense.

However, they face a similar problem trying to explain why they have not yet observed the graviton.

Many say that they have not been able to detect it because it interacts very weakly with mass.  In other words their instruments are not sensitive enough to detect the passage of a graviton.

However if gravitational force is quantized in the form of gravitons then the movement of particles in space should be effected by the random variations in the gravitational fields associated with its quantum properties.   In other words one would not have to observe the graviton to verify that gravity was quantized if one can observe the effects it has on the movement of particles moving through it.

The fact that this has never been observe is bit hard to explain given the amazing precision by which space and land based sensors can monitor the movement of particles.

The fact that the graviton and Higgs boson have not been observed even when the technology exists to do so means that maybe we should begin hunting for alternative explanation for gravity based not on the Standard Models assumption that it is quantized but on its observed continuous field properties of space.

For example in 1924 Louis de Broglie’s theory that all particles have a wave component was verified 1927 by Davisson and Germer when they observed that electrons were diffracted by crystals.  This served as the basis for developing the general theory known by the name of wave mechanics.  However it also demonstrated that because of the continuous properties of waves there must exist a continuous non-quantized substance or field to support their matter wave component.

In the article "Why is energy/mass quantized?" Oct. 4, 2007 it was shown one can derive the quantum mechanical properties of energy/mass in terms of the continuous properties of three dimensional space by extrapolating the classical laws of resonance in a three-dimensional environment to four *spatial* dimensions.

Briefly it showed the four conditions required for resonance to occur in a classical Newtonian three dimensional environment, an object, or substance with a natural frequency, a forcing function at the same frequency as the natural frequency, the lack of a damping frequency and the ability for the substance to oscillate spatial would occur in one of consisting of only four *spatial* dimensions.

The existence of four *spatial* dimensions would give a "surface" of a three-dimension space manifold (the substance) the ability to oscillate spatially on a "surface" between a third and fourth *spatial* dimensions thereby fulfilling one of the requirements for classical resonance to occur.

These oscillations would be caused by an event such as the decay of a subatomic particle or the shifting of an electron in an atomic orbital.  This would force a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension to oscillate with the frequency associated with the energy of that event.

Therefore, these oscillations in space would meet the requirements mentioned above for the formation of a resonant system or "structure" in space. 

Observations of a three-dimensional environment show the energy associated with resonant systems can only take on the incremental or discreet values associated with a fundamental or a harmonic of the fundamental frequency of its environment.

Similarly the energy associated with resonant systems in four *spatial* dimensions could only take on the incremental or discreet values associated a fundamental or a harmonic of the fundamental frequency of its environment.

These resonant systems in four *spatial* dimensions would be responsible for the incremental or discreet energy associated with quantum mechanical systems.

(This cannot be done in terms four dimensional space-time because time is only observed to move in one direction forward and there could not support the bi directional movement required for resonance to occur.)

Latter the article "Embedded Dimensions" Oct. 22, 2007 showed all forms of energy, including gravitational are derivable in terms of a curvature or displacement in a continuous "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension. 

One can understand how a displacement in a "surface" of three-dimensional space is responsible for gravity by comparing it to one caused by a rod pushing down on the continuous surface of a rubber diaphragm that has on marble on it.

The surface of the rubber diaphragm will represent the "surface" of a three dimensional space manifold, the marble on the diaphragm, the resonant system the article "Why is energy/mass quantized?" showed was responsible for the quantum mechanical properties of energy/mass while the rod will represent the “W” axis of a fourth *spatial* dimension.

(The "W" axis of a fourth *spatial* dimension was also defined in the article "Embedded Dimensions" Oct 27, 2007)

If the end of the rod is orientated perpendicular to the "surface" of the diaphragm and is allowed to touch it without putting any pressure on it, the surface of the diaphragm will remain flat. The marble on the flat diaphragm would not move.

However, if pressure is applied to the rod, the "surface" of the diaphragm will become displaced and will no longer be perpendicular to the rod.

Gravitational forces will then have a tangential component along the "surface" of the rubber diaphragm. The tangential component of the gravitational force directed along the "surface" of the diaphragm will cause the marble to move towards the apex of the depression.

However, the article mentioned earlier "Embedded Dimensions" also derived all forms of energy in terms of a curvature or displacement in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

Therefore, because mass is a form of energy it should, according to the concepts contained in that article cause space to curve and the resonant systems defined in the article "Why is energy/mass quantized?" and the objects made up of them will experience a differential force directed towards the apex of that curvature when interacting with it. This force is called gravity.

Yet this means because of the continuous field properties of three-dimensional space that must be associated of with Louis de Broglie’s wave theory of matter one does not have to assume the existence of a graviton to understand how the force of gravity is propagated because similar to the marble on the rubber diaphragm the force causing gravitational acceleration can be derived in terms of a slope in a continuous "surface" of a three dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

Some would disagree because of the fact that experiments show that the other three forces of nature are propagated by particles and why they might ask should gravity be different from them.

Classical wave mechanics tell us that a minimum quantity of energy is required to establish a resonance any given medium.  Gravity is the weakest of the four forces.  If the energy associated with its wave component is not energetic enough to cause space to resonant, its energy will be propagated by the continuous properties of three-dimensional space defined in the article "Embedded Dimensions".  However, if as in the cases of the other three forces of nature there is enough energy concentrated in a small enough volume it will propagated along the "surface’ of three-dimensional space in the resonant systems the article "Why is energy/mass quantized?" showed is responsible for their quantized or particle properties.

The article "The geometry of particle stability" derived the mechanism responsible for this by again extrapolating the laws of classical physics to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

Briefly in a three dimensional environment, a point on the two-dimensional surface of paper is confined to that surface. However, that surface can oscillate up or down with respect to three-dimensional space.

Similarly an object occupying a volume of three-dimensional space would be confined to it however, it could, similar to the surface of the paper oscillate "up" or "down" with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

The confinement of the "upward" and "downward" oscillations of a three-dimension volume with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension is what defines the geometric boundaries of the resonant system associated with a particle in the article "Why is energy/mass quantized?"

Gravity is by far the weakest of the four forces and therefore has an extremely long wave length.  This means the volume necessary to contain its resonant properties must also be very large.  Therefore one reason why we cannot observe the graviton is because we do not have any instruments with a detection system large enough to contain the volume associated with its resonant system.  The other three forces of nature have higher energies therefore their resonant volumes would be significantly smaller and therefore observable.  This means we should expect their energy to be propagated through space in quantized units whose volume would be inversely proportional to their energies.

This defines a method of experimentally verify or falsifying this scenario.  If one observers the three dimensional energy "volume" of the four forces inversely correlates with their energy it would have a tendency to support it however if it did not it would unequivocally falsify it.

Later Jeff

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