Cho AS, Jeon SM, Kim MJ, Yeo J, Seo KI, Choi MS, Lee MK.(3)

4. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects
In the assessment in vivo of the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the aerial part and root extracts of Scorzonera acuminata, Scorzonera cana var. alpina, Scorzonera cana var. jacquiniana, Scorzonera cana var. radicosa, Scorzonera cinerea, Scorzonera eriophora, Scorzonera incisa, Scorzonera laciniata ssp. laciniata, Scorzonera parviflora and Scorzonera sublanata and theirs effect against inflammation and to relieve pain, found that Scorzonera cana var. jacquiniana, Scorzonera cinerea, Scorzonera eriophora, Scorzonera incisa and Scorzonera parviflora possess significant anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity. It has been suggested that flavonoids and chlorogenic acid are partly responsible for mentioned activities of Scorzonera species, according to "Ethnopharmacological evaluation of some Scorzonera species: In vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects" by Küpeli Akkol E, Bahadır Acıkara O, Süntar I, Ergene B, Saltan Çitoğlu G.(4)

5. Antioxidants
In the study of the chemical composition and the antioxidant activity of spent coffee grounds and coffee husks extracts, obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO(2) and with CO(2) and co-solvent, found that the best antioxidant activity was showed by coffee husk extracts obtained by LPE. The quantification and the identification of the extracts were accomplished using HPLC analysis. The main compounds identified were caffeine and chlorogenic acid for the supercritical extracts from coffee husks, according to "Supercritical fluid extraction from spent coffee grounds and coffee husks: Antioxidant activity and effect of operational variables on extract composition" by Andrade KS, Gonçalvez RT, Maraschin M, Ribeiro-do-Valle RM, Martínez J, Ferreira SR.(5)

6. Antitussive
In the investigation of the orally administrated the water extracts in mice. Ammonia induced mice coughing model was used to evaluate the antitussive activity, found that only flower bud can be used as the antitussive and expectorant herbal drug. The high concentration of chlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, rutin in flower buds may be related with the antitussive and expectorant effects of Flos Farfara. To guarantee the clinical effect, rachis should be picked out before use, according to "Metabolomic profiling of the flower bud and rachis of Tussilago farfara with antitussive and expectorant effects on mice" by Li ZY, Zhi HJ, Xue SY, Sun HF, Zhang FS, Jia JP, Xing J, Zhang LZ, Qin XM.(6)

7. Rheumatoid Arthritis
In the investigation the antiarthritic activities of this compound in adjuvant induced-arthritis in male Wistar rats, and exploration of the underlying mechanisms of actions in view of immunological responses, found that CGA efficiently suppressed CD80/86 but failed to bring any changes in the CD28 count, whereas ibuprofen (standard drug) resulted in highly significant inhibition of both. We next examined the effect on CD4(+) T cells specific Th1/Th2 cytokines by flow cytometry and observed that CGA suppressed the Th1 cytokines in a highly significant manner but elevated Th2 cytokines with dose dependence. Results of the present investigation suggest that CGA is a potent antiarthritic agent, according to "Differential Effects of Chlorogenic Acid on Various Immunological Parameters Relevant to Rheumatoid Arthritis" by Chauhan PS, Satti NK, Sharma P, Sharma VK, Suri KA, Bani S.(7)

8. Antioxidant and antimicrobial effects
In the investigation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and phenolic components of different solvent (absolute methanol, absolute ethanol, absolute acetone, 80% methanol, 80% ethanol, 80% acetone and deionized water) extracts of leaves, flowers and bark of Gold Mohar [Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf.], found that 80% methanol extract produced from the leaves exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher antioxidant activity, with high phenolic contents (3.63 g GAE/100 g DW), total flavonoid contents (1.19 g CE/100 g DW), inhibition of peroxidation (85.54%), DPPH scavenging capacity (IC(50) value 8.89 μg/mL) and reducing power (1.87). Similarly, this 80% methanol leaves extract also showed superior antimicrobial activity. HPLC analysis of the 80% methanol extracts for individual phenolics revealed the presence of gallic, protocatechuic and salicylic acid in leaves; gallic, protocatechuic, salicylic, trans-cinnamic and chlorogenic acid in flowers, and gallic acid in bark as the main (amount > 1.50 mg/100 g DW) phenolic acids, according to "Antioxidant and antimicrobial attributes and phenolics of different solvent extracts from leaves, flowers and bark of Gold Mohar [Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf]" by Shabir G, Anwar F, Sultana B, Khalid ZM, Afzal M, Khan QM, Ashrafuzzaman M.(8)

9. Apoptosis and mutagenicity
In the investigation of whether the PBMCs death induced by cold aqueous extract of Baccharis articulata (Ba-CAE) a sa result of apoptosis, and whether this extract exerts mutagenic effects on mice at 24 and 48h after administration.
found that the extract induced PBMCs death by apoptosis and increased the frequency of micronuclei in bone marrow. The phytochemical study of cold aqueous extract of Baccharis articulata (Ba-CAE) i showed the presence of flavones as luteolin and acacetin, caffeoylquinic acids as chlorogenic acid, and tannins, according to "Apoptosis and mutagenicity induction by a characterized aqueous extract of Baccharis articulata (Lam.) Pers. (Asteraceae) on normal cells" by Cariddi L, Escobar F, Sabini C, Torres C, Reinoso E, Cristofolini A, Comini L, Núñez Montoya S, Sabini L.(9)

10. Colon cancer and liver cancer
In the evaluation for antioxidant activity, total phenolics, chlorogenic acid, anthocyanin content, and in vitro anticancer capacity, found that the relationship between antioxidant activity and EC(50) of colon cancer/liver cancer cell proliferation was significant (R(2) = 0.8144; R(2) = 0.956, respectively). A significant difference in inhibition of cancer cells (P < 0.01) existed between the 3 polyphenols: chlorogenic acid, pelargonidin chloride, and malvidin chloride, suggesting that chlorogenic acid was a critical factor in the antiproliferation of colon cancer and liver cancer cells, according to "Inhibitory effect of antioxidant extracts from various potatoes on the proliferation of human colon and liver cancer cells' by Wang Q, Chen Q, He M, Mir P, Su J, Yang Q.(10)

11. Etc.

Pharmacy In Vegetables
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