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Schizophrenia

Although about half of all patients with schizophrenia abuse drugs or alcohol, a clear causal connection between drug use and schizophrenia has been difficult to prove. The two most often used explanations for this are “substance use causes schizophrenia” and “substance use is a consequence of schizophrenia”, and they both may be correct. A relatively strong evidence based on multiple studies suggests that cannabis may play a role in the development of schizophrenia. However, there is no sufficient evidence for the role alcohol or other drugs. On the other hand, that people with schizophrenia are known to use drugs to alleviate the depression, anxiety and loneliness resulting from their disorder. ^[62]

What is Schizophrenia?

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Schizophrenia (pronounced /ËŒskɪtsəˈfrÉ›niÉ™/ or /ËŒskɪtsəˈfriË?niÉ™/), from the Greek roots schizein (σχίζειν, “to split”) and phrÄ“n, phren- (Ï†Ï Î®Î½, Ï†Ï ÎµÎ½-, “mind“) is a severe and disabling brain disorder^[1][2][3] characterized by abnormalities in the perception or expression of reality. It most commonly manifests as auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions, or disorganized speech and thinking with significant social or occupational dysfunction. Onset of symptoms typically occurs in young adulthood,^[4] with approximately 0.4–0.6%^[5][6] of the population affected. Diagnosis is based on the patient’s self-reported experiences and observed behavior. No laboratory test for schizophrenia currently exists.^[7]

Studies suggest that genetics, early environment, neurobiology, psychological and social processes are important contributory factors; some recreational and prescription drugs appear to cause or worsen symptoms. Current psychiatric research is focused on the role of neurobiology, but no single organic cause has been found. Due to the many possible combinations of symptoms, there is debate about whether the diagnosis represents a single disorder or a number of discrete syndromes. For this reason, Eugen Bleuler termed the disease the schizophrenias (plural) when he coined the name. Despite its etymology, schizophrenia is not the same as dissociative identity disorder, previously known as multiple personality disorder or split personality; in popular culture the two are often confused.

Increased dopamine activity in the mesolimbic pathway of the brain is consistently found in schizophrenic individuals. The mainstay of treatment is antipsychotic medication; this type of drug primarily works by suppressing dopamine activity. Dosages of antipsychotics are generally lower than in the early decades of their use. Psychotherapy, vocational and social rehabilitation are also important. In more serious cases—where there is risk to self and others—involuntary hospitalization may be necessary, although hospital stays are less frequent and for shorter periods than they were in previous years.^[8]

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