Dark matter and energy linked to Quantum mechanics
We have shown throughout "The Imagineer’s Chronicles" and its companion book "The Reality of the Fourth *Spatial* Dimension" there would be many theoretical advantages to defining the universe in terms of a continuous non-quantized field of energy/mass and four *spatial* dimensions instead of four dimensional space-time.
One is that it would allow for a theoretically linking of the quantum mechanical properties of energy/mass with the observed properties of both dark energy and dark matter.
Scientists have determined that roughly 70% of the Universe is dark energy while Dark matter makes up about 25%. The normal matter or everything ever observed with all of our instruments adds up to less than 5% of the Universe.
The evidence for the existence of Dark matter comes from the detained analysis of the orbital motions of galaxies in galactic clusters.
In 1933 a Swiss astrophysicist Fritz Zwicky, of the California Institute of Technology applied Newton’s law of gravity to the Coma cluster of galaxies and obtained evidence of unseen mass. He estimated the cluster’s total mass based on the motions of galaxies near its edge and compared that estimate to one based on the number of galaxies and total brightness of the cluster. He found that there was about 400 times more estimated mass than was visually observable. The gravity of the visible galaxies in the cluster would be far too small for such fast orbits, so something extra was required. This is known as the "missing mass problem". Based on these conclusions, Zwicky inferred that there must be some non-visible or dark form of matter which would provide enough of the mass and gravity to hold the cluster together."
The fact that 70% of the universes energy is "dark" is determined by analyzing its spatial geometry.
(For those who are interested the video on the right gives a detail description of how its geometry determines the quantity of dark energy it contains.)
At the present time we have some very good theories about the normal matter in the universe. The standard model of particle physical tells us what the particles are and how they interact in a manner that is consistent with all experimental observations. However the same cannot be said for dark matter.
For example science has develop some theoretical models explaining its properties in terms of the existence of a non-baryonic form of particles such as neutrinos, and entities such as axions, supersymmetric particles, or WIMPs.
However, as Lee Smolin points out in his book "The Trouble with Physics" none of them are supported by observations.
Neutrinos because of their mass would be characterized by high random speeds in the early universe. However, observations of the early universe indicate the matter that condensed to form galaxies was not hot enough to support the energy that would be associated with those high speeds.
The other particles, which could provide the missing mass fall into two classes: those which have been proposed for other reasons but happen to solve the dark matter problem, and those which have been proposed specifically to provide the missing dark matter.
Examples of objects in the first class are axions and the supersymmetric particles. Their properties are defined by the theory, which predicts them, and by virtue of their mass; they can solve the dark matter problem only if they exist in the correct abundance.
The second class of particles contains entities such as the WIMP or "Weakly Interacting Mass Particle" whose properties are not specified. However, they are assumed to have properties that would allow them to explain the missing mass associated with dark matter along with other "ad hoc" ones that would explain why they have not yet been observed experimentally.
However, the existence of them along with axions and the supersymmetric particles is not based on observations so therefore there is no way to either confirm their existence or that they are responsible for the gravitational force associated with dark matter.
On the other hand presently science does not have any creditable theories as to what dark energy is.
As mentioned earlier we believe it would be possible to define a link between the quantum mechanical properties of energy/mass with the observed properties of both dark energy and matter if one assumes the universe is made up of a continuous non-quantized field of energy/mass and four *spatial* dimensions instead of four dimensional space time.
In an earlier article "The Photon: a matter wave?" Sept 27, 2007 it was shown the electromagnetic wave characteristics of a photon could be explained and predicted in terms of a matter wave in a continuous non-quantized field of energy/mass moving on a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.
However, it was also shown this matter wave would generate a resonant system or “structure” in space which could define its quantum mechanical properties.
There are four conditions required for resonance to occur in a classical Newtonian environment, an object, or substance with a natural frequency, a forcing function at the same frequency as the natural frequency, the lack of a damping frequency and the ability for the substance to oscillate spatial.
The existence of four *spatial* dimensions would give a continuous non-quantized field of energy/mass (the substance) the ability to oscillate spatially on a "surface" between a third and fourth *spatial* dimensions thereby fulfilling one of the requirements for classical resonance to occur.
These oscillations would be caused by an event such as the decay of a subatomic particle or the shifting of an electron in an atomic orbital. This would force the "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension to oscillate with the frequency associated with the energy of that event.
Therefore, these oscillations in a continuous non-quantized field of energy/mass, would meet the requirements mentioned above for the formation of a resonant system or "structure" in space.
Observations of a three-dimensional environment show the energy associated with resonant system can only take on the incremental or discreet values associated with a fundamental or a harmonic of the fundamental frequency of its environment.
Similarly the energy/mass density associated with resonant systems in four *spatial* dimensions could only take on the incremental or discreet values associated a fundamental or a harmonic of the fundamental frequency of its environment.
These resonant systems in four *spatial* dimensions are responsible for creating the regions in space associated with the incremental or discreet energy densities of quantum mechanical particle systems.
This provides a physical link between the continuous properties of an electromagnetic wave and the quantum mechanical properties of photon and all other particles in terms of the existence of a continuous non-quantized form of energy/mass.
However it also provides a physical link between quantum mechanical properties of photon, dark energy and dark matter because the fact the electromagnetic wave energy associated with a photon can be propagated though space means that a continuous field of energy/mass must be disturbed throughout space to support it. However it would be invisible to all scientific instrumentation that is calibrated to electromagnetic energy because it would exist even if there were was no electromagnetic energy present.
One can understand why by comparing it to a buoy that is designed to monitor by the movement of a wave on it. The water would be there but undetectable if there were no waves on it because the buoy was only calibrated to "sense" them.
Similarly a continuous non-quantized field of energy/mass would be undetectable if there were no radiation or electromagnetic waves moving on it because that only thing that scientific instruments are calibrated to detect.
One can easily understand how the mass density associated with a continuous field of energy/mass could explain and predict the properties of Dark matter. Because it is made up of energy/mass it would be affected by gravitational forces. Therefore it would be attracted to large gravitational masses such as galaxies and galactic clusters. Therefore its density should be greater in regions where they exist. Additionally because it is composed of energy/mass it would contribute to their total gravitational energy
However this is exactly what we see when we analysis the gravitational forces associated with dark matter. It adds gravitational attractive forces to large gravitational masses without adding anything associated with visible matter like protons electron or neutrinos.
However it is also easy to understand how it can explain first of the two components of Dark energy.
The first component would be the quantity of energy in a vacuum required to explain the current geometry of the universe.
As mentioned earlier it has been determine that 70 percent of the total energy content of the universe that is required it to explain its current geometry is not detectable by any scientific instrumentation.
However the energy density of the Dark energy component of a continuous field of energy/mass in the space between galaxies and galactic clusters would add significantly to the total energy density of the universe.
The second or accelerative component of Dark energy means the total energy density of the universe must be increasing because if it was not the velocity of its expansion would remain constant.
However the reason why the expansion of the universe is accelerating is easy to understand when one realizes that the equation of E=mc^2 that defines the relationship mass and energy indicates that mass is a concentrated form of energy.
Therefore when mass is converted to energy in the fusion reaction in stars it expands or increases the energy component of the continuous field of energy/mass of the universe. However this increase in its energy component associated with dark energy would be perceived as an acceleration because it is being added to its already existing energy density.
As mentioned earlier all of the theoretical models proposed today for defining Dark matter suffer from the fact that none of them are supported by observations.
However there is considerable observation support for the ideas presented above,
One of the most significant is the confirmation in 1927 by Davisson and Germer of Louis de Broglie theory that all particles have a wave component. This is observational proof of the existence of a continuous field of energy/mass because waves by definition are a continuous form of energy and therefore require the existence of a continuous field of energy/mass for their propagation.
But the most significant observational evidence supporting these ideas comes from the fact that they provide a direct physical link thru a common mechanism for the observed quantum mechanical properties of energy/mass and the energy densities associated with dark energy and matter in terms of the accepted "common sense" laws of physics.
Later Jeff
Copyright Jeffrey O’Callaghan 2012
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