Flexibility: Within radio coverage, nodes can communicate without further restrictions. Radio waves can penetrate walls, senders and receivers can be placed anywhere.Planning: Only wireless ad hoc network allows for communication without planning. Any wire network needs wiring plans, as long as devices follow same standard, they can communicate.Design: Only wireless network allow for the design of small, independent device which can be put into pocket.Robustness: wireless network can survive ... Read Full Story

Which of the following are data link layer encapsulation details? (Choose two.) *Packets are put into frames. Data is packaged into a packet. Data is segmented into segments. Data is converted for Internet travel. *An address is added to identify the directly connected device. ===========================================================================Which device is used to connect LANs that are geographically separated? hub bridge *router repeater ==========================================... Read Full Story

To create the subnetwork structure, host bits must be reassigned as network bits. This is often referred to as ‘borrowing’ bits. However, a more accurate term would be ‘lending’ bits. The starting point for this process is always the leftmost host bit, the one closest to the last network octet.Subnet addresses include the Class A, Class B, and Class C network portion, plus a subnet field and a host field. The subnet field and the host field are created from the original host portion of the ma... Read Full Story

Configuring the Router’s NameROUTER# config tROUTER(config)# hostname NAMEConfiguring the Interfaces, Ethernet and SerialNAME# config tNAME(config)# int interface type & number (fa0/0, fa0/1, s0/0 or s0/1)NAME(config-if)# description your description of the interfaceNAME(config-if)# ip address ip address subnet maskNAME(config-if)# clock rate 56000 (when configuring a DCE serial interface only)NAME(config-if)# no shutdownNAME(config-if)# exit Post a Comment:If you like this post p... Read Full Story

Routing protocol authentication should also be configured for other routing protocols such as EIGRP and OSPF. For details on routing protocol authentication for EIGRP and OSPF, refer to CCNP2: Implementing Secure Converged Wide-area Networks.EIGRPThe figure shows the commands used to configure routing protocol authentication for EIGRP on router R1. These commands are very similar to the ones you used for RIPv2 MD5 authentication. The steps to configure EIGRP routing protocol authentication on... Read Full Story

Routing Protocol Authentication OverviewAs a network administrator, you have to be aware that your routers are at risk from attack just as much as your end-user systems. Anyone with a packet sniffer such as Wireshark can read information propagating between routers. In general, routing systems can be attacked in two ways:Disruption of peersFalsification of routing informationDisruption of peers is the less critical of the two attacks because routing protocols heal themselves, making the disru... Read Full Story

Signals intelligence (often contracted to SIGINT) is intelligence-gathering by interception of signals, whether between people (i.e., COMINT or communications intelligence) or between machines (i.e., ELINT or electronic intelligence), or mixtures of the two. As sensitive information is often encrypted, signals intelligence often involves the use of cryptanalysis. However, traffic analysis—the study of who is signalling whom and in what quantity—can often produce valuable information, even whe... Read Full Story

Cisco routers support a large number of network services at layers 2, 3, 4, and 7, as described in the figure. Some of these services are application layer protocols that allow users and host processes to connect to the router. Others are automatic processes and settings intended to support legacy or specialized configurations that pose security risks. Some of these services can be restricted or disabled to improve security without degrading the operational use of the router. General security... Read Full Story

Logs allow you to verify that a router is working properly or to determine whether the router has been compromised. In some cases, a log can show what types of probes or attacks are being attempted against the router or the protected network.Configuring logging (syslog) on the router should be done carefully. Send the router logs to a designated log host. The log host should be connected to a trusted or protected network or an isolated and dedicated router interface. Harden the log host by re... Read Full Story

To enable SSH on the router, the following parameters must be configured:HostnameDomain nameAsymmetrical keysLocal authenticationOptional configuration parameters include:TimeoutsRetriesThe following steps configure SSH on a router.Step 1: Set router parametersConfigure the router hostname with the hostnamehostname command from configuration mode.Step 2: Set the domain nameA domain name must exist to enable SSH. In this example, enter the ip domain-name cisco.com command from global configura... Read Full Story