Mir Hossein Mousavi

Mir Hossein Mousavi is an Iranian politician.

Behind Iran's Political Crisis: A Years-Long Antipathy Between Khamenei and Mousavi

Written by SkeeterVT on

Mousavi, Who Was Iran's Prime Minister During the 1980-88 Iran-Iraq War, Was a Bitter Rival of Khamenei, Who Was President -- Until Khamenei Had PM's Post Abolished After Becoming Supreme Leader in 1989; Current Regime Can Ill-Afford a Repeat of China's Bloody Tienanmen Square Massacre

Pent-up forces dating back to the 1979 Islamic Revolution may have been unleashed by the hotly disputed results of Iran's June 12 presidential election. With opposition supporters claiming massive voting fraud -- and resotring to the same tactics employed during the 1979 revolution, a government crackdown on the opposition is, in the words of a top Iranian cleric, a "dangerous move." But Iran's political crisis also has its roots in a longstanding feud between opposition leader Mir Houssein Mousavi, a former prime minister, and supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, a former president, dating back to the 1980s. (Photo: Getty Images/Agence France-Presse)

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COMING THURSDAY -- Stonewall: The uprising 40 years ago that bashed down the closet door for generations of gays
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(Posted 5:00 a.m. EDT Monday, June 22, 2009)

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GUEST COMMENTARY
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By MARK LEVINE

IRVINE, California -- In 15 years of writing about the Middle East, I have never encountered a situation that changed so fast that one could write an article that becomes outdated in the time it takes to write it.

It seems that the Iranian elite has been caught similarly off-guard, and is still trying to read its own society to understand how broad is the societal discontent reflected in the mass protests.

This calculus is crucial -- in some ways more so than whether the results are legitimate or, as some claim, constitute electoral fraud.

It will determine whether the Iranian power elite -- that is, the political-religious-military-security leadership who control the levers of state violence -- moves towards negotiation and reconciliation between the increasingly distant sides, or moves to crush the mounting opposition with large-scale violence.

A lot depends on what the elite thinks is actually happening on the ground, and why the alleged fraud unfolded as it did.

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TOP IRANIAN CLERICS DEMAND END TO CRACKDOWN

BBC and Reuters

TEHRAN -- Several top Iranian clerics -- including a former president who heads the state body that has the power to impeach supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei -- demanded an end Sunday to the government's violent crackdown on protesters.

In a sign of increased opposition among clerics to the Islamic Republic's leadership, Mohammad Khatami, a moderate former president, warned that banning protests in support of defeated presidential candidate Mir Hossein Mousavi was a dangerous move.

"Preventing people from expressing their demands through civil ways will have dangerous consequences [for the country]," Khatami, a Mousavi ally, said in a statement, the semi-official Mehr news agency reported.

Meanwhile, Iran's most senior dissident cleric, Grand Ayatollah Hossein Ali Montazeri, called for three days of national mourning for those killed in the street protests that have raged in Tehran and other Iranian cities throughout the weekend.

More ominously for the government, former President Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani issued a rare public rebuke of Khamenei in an open letter to the supreme leader in which he appeared to blame him for remaining silent in the face of the opposition's accusations of election fraud.

"If the system cannot or does not want to confront such ugly and sin-infected phenomena as insults, lies and false allegations made in that debate, how can we consider ourselves followers of the sacred Islamic system?" Rafsanjani wrote.

The former president -- who's made no secret of his opposition to incumbent President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad -- is the one powerful figure whom the government cannot ignore: He heads the Council of Experts, a body of clerics that, under the Iranian Constitution, has the power to impeach and remove the supreme leader.

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ARE THE PROTESTS AGAINST A FRUDULENT ELECTION -- OR ANGER AT KHAMEMEI?

Do the issues motivating the current protests ultimately derive from people's anger at perceived fraud and not having their votes counted? Or do they, as seems increasingly clear, reflect a much deeper level of anger at, and even opposition to, the nature and governing ideology and practises of the Iranian political system?

Equally important, if there was systematic fraud, was it perpetrated as a collective decision of a senior leadership unwilling to accept the cultural, political and economic liberalization a Mousavi government would initiate? Or, as University of Michigan professor Juan Cole and others have argued, did it owe to a sudden fit of pique by Iran's supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei?

His well-known personal antipathy to opposition leader Mir Hossein Mousavi -- Iran's last prime minister in the 1980s until the post was abolished in 1989 -- could have made the imminent prospect of his long-time political rival's victory so distasteful that he could not bring himself to sanction Mousavi's victory, leading to a hastily arranged fraud - many ballot boxes were allegedly never even opened before the official tabulation was announced - even as other parts of the leadership were laying the groundwork for a public announcement of Ahmadinejad's defeat.

What seems evident as the crisis deepens is that Ayatollah Khamenei -- himself a former president during the 1980-88 Iran-Iraq War and who most commentators have long assumed holds near-absolute power in the country as supreme leader -- is in a weaker position than previously believed. The collective religious and military leadership, along with the Revolutionary Guard, will likely have a lot of input into determining what course the government takes.

And it is certainly questionable whether these factions have shared core interests during this crisis, as the Revolutionary Guard - from whose ranks President Ahmadinejad emerged - is both culturally more conservative and economically more populist than much of the political and religious leadership.

The religious establishment is itself split into hard-line, moderate and more progressive factions, each of whose members are tied to factions within the economic, political and security elite, producing a complex and potentially volatile set of competing and contradictory loyalties and interests.

Ahmadinejad's and Khamenei's decisions in the coming days will be telling.

If the official tally was in fact broadly accurate, then they will likely be more willing to agree not just to a recount, but even to a run-off election, if that is what it takes to pacify the angry protesters.

Indeed, a second Ahmadinejad win would severely weaken reformist forces and increase the system's legitimacy.

LITTLE EVIDENCE THAT PROTESTERS OPPOSE THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC ITSELF

More generally, regardless of whether there was significant election fraud, the power elite could decide collectively that the protests are not motivated by broader concerns and thus do not threaten the stability of the system.

This could also lead them to agree to a broad recount or a runoff election between Ahmadinejad and Mousavi -- even at the risk of a Mousavi win -- and it is worth mentioning here that Mousavi is no liberal; the "core values" of the late Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomenei's revolution, to which he advocates a return, are well within the mainstream of Iran's clerical culture.

Alternatively, if the protests -- which continued throughout the weekend, depite Ayatollah Khamemei's warning to stop -- maintains or even picks up steam in the coming days, the leadership could decide that the opposition is too broad and deeply rooted to attempt to crush it.

In this case, it would have little choice but to cave in to the protesters' demands or face losing its legitimacy in the eyes of the broader Iranian public, particularly if large numbers of protesters are arrested, injured or killed.

The greatest degree of uncertainty surrounds a scenario in which the power elite both concludes that the mass protests reflect deep-seated discontent by a large segment of the population, yet at the same time believes it has a narrow window of opportunity to deal with this situation forcibly before losing control to the rapidly encroaching street politics.

ANOTHER TIENANMEN? IRAN IS NOT CHINA

In this case, Iran could quickly approach a Tiananmen moment, in which the Iranian government calculates that crushing the pro-reform opposition will give it time to push the reformers back in the closet for the foreseeable future, and push the cosmopolitan liberal-cultural elite who have the ability to leave, to do so.

The problem is that Iran cannot follow China's path.

It is true that if oil prices continue rising, they will produce enough revenue for the government to keep the poor and working classes happy, or at least quiescent.

But what allowed the Communist Party in China to maintain its hegemony rather than merely dominance over Chinese society was its willingness to liberalize culturally and economically at the same time as it closed down politically.

Cultural and economic liberalization became the safety valve that allowed the emerging generation of Chinese citizens to accept the continued power of the Communist Party.

Needless to say, no such safety valve exists in the Islamic Republic, where a cultural perestroika -- to borrow former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's now-famous Russian word for "restructuring" -- is precisely what Ahmadinejad and his supporters in the leadership and among the people want to prevent.

In China -- which has never known democracy in the Western sense -- the government struck a bargain with the people, telling them: "You can do whatever you want, as long as you don't challenge the power of the state."

The Iranian government has over the last two decades negotiated a very different and more narrow bargain with its citizens: "You can do what you want behind closed doors, as long as you keep the music down. But we own the street and the public sphere. So put your headscarf on before you leave the house, and don't think about challenging cultural or political limits publicly."

That bargain has now collapsed as hundreds of thousands of Iranians have, at least for the moment, reclaimed the streets.

SITUATION IN TEHRAN AKIN TO PRAGUE IN 1968?

If Ahmadinejad has been railing against "velvet revolutionaries" since he took office, he is today counting on the situation in Iran resembling the Czechoslovakia of 1968, rather than the China of 1989.

Yet with one of the world's youngest populations (More than 60 percent of Iranians are under 30 years of age) and an increasingly urban, educated and sophisticated (Not to mention Internet-savvy) citizenry, it is hard to know how long the Iranian government can continue to impose its conservative moral values upon a bourgeois-aspiring, culturally open technocratic class whose expertise and loyalty will be crucial for Iran's long-term social, economic and political development.

Saudi Arabia is a good example of what happens when you force a culture shut for too long.

There is a third way to interpret the rapidly unfolding protests. Here Ahmadinejad and the current political and religious leadership on the one side, and Mousavi and the reformers on the other, are merely rallying poles around which two bitterly opposed histories of, and visions for, post-revolutionary Iran have rallied and are now engaged in a battle that was long in coming.

Maybe, as one protester exclaimed, "There's no one in charge right now," either among the still-nascent protest movement or the state that is trying to figure out how to suppress it without losing a large chunk of its legitimacy among the millions of Iranians who are likely still on the fence over whose election narrative to believe.

ELECTION UNLEASHES 'PANDORA'S BOX' OF PENT-UP PASSIONS

Indeed, this election might well have released a host of pent-up forces -- desperate hope for change, smouldering resentment at the vast inequalities plaguing Iran, utter disdain for the other side's core cultural identity -- that will necessitate a bloody if cathartic settling of scores between two irreconcilable sides over grievances that date back to the dawn of the revolution, and its innumerable betrayals, failures and still unrealized goals.

This is not to say that the Islamic Republic could be replaced by a more secularly-defined republic any time soon. To the contrary, the thundering chants of "Allahu Akbar!" ("God is Great!") at opposition rallies remind us that Islam, even Islamism -- that is, political Islam -- and democracy can, and should, go together.

But Iran today is a very different place than during the early days of the revolution.

Iran long ago lost the singular, collective will that enabled the revolution; the protesters are no longer imbued with the idea of bi-kodi, or self-annihilation, martyrdom and complete self-sacrifice that toppled the hated Shah in 1979 and helped the country withstand eight years of a brutal war with Saddam Hussein's Iraq.

The majority of Iranians, particularly young people -- even, one can imagine, the poorer and less educated ones overly represented among the Revolutionary Guard -- would prefer to focus on its counterpart, khod-sazi, or self-construction, as the better attitude with which to build their society today.

If the protest movement that has flooded the streets in the last few days can forge a positive and inclusive vision for Iran's future, one that addresses the many social, ethnic, economic and cultural issues underlying the current protest holistically, they could very well change the face of the Islamic Republic, if not now, then in four years' time.

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(Mark LeVine is professor of modern Middle Eastern history at the University of California Irvine and is the author of two books, Heavy Metal Islam: Rock, Resistance, and the Struggle for the Soul of Islam and Impossible Peace: Israel/Palestine Since 1989. This commentary first appeared on the English-language Web site of al-Jazeera.)

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Guest Commentary Copyright 2009, Mark Levine.
The 'Skeeter Bites Report Copyright 2009, Skeeter Sanders. All rights reserved.

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